Potential organ donor was wrongly declared brain-dead
AHRP
Promoting Openness, Full Disclosure, and Accountability
April 12, 2007
The Los Angeles Times has spent more than a year chronicling lapses in the nation's organ transplant system. Below is a report by investigative reporters, Charles Ornstein and Tracy Weber.
They found problems that resulted in the closure of individual programs in California, as well as failings by those charged with regulating transplantation nationally. It also explored how organs are distributed, including the role geography plays in the wait times for new livers and how a patient's age may one day prevent him from receiving a kidney.
Our Infomail last month about the harvesting of organs from the "not-yet-dead" elicited several rebukes from doctors who called the Infomail "sensationalist" http://ahrp.blogspot.com/2007/03/us-organ-harvesting-in-not-yet-dead.html
The sobering LAT report should prompt hospitals to reexamine their organ transplant policies. Failure to protect even a single patient from being killed by aggressive transplant surgeons deligitimizes the entire field.
Below the LA Times describes a close call that almost resulted in the killing of a 47 year old man at a Fresno California hospital. The hospital policy and physicians' rush to declare the patient brain dead to facilitate the harvesting of organs demonstrates a collision between those in the business of organ transplantation and patients' human right. The LAT reports that this was not the first such close call at the hospital in recent months noting that this raises questions about whether, amid a national organ shortage, doctors might be compromising the care of prospective donors?
The LAT reports that law enforcement authorities in San Luis Obispo County are investigating whether a transplant surgeon tried to hasten the death of a 26-year-old patient last year by ordering high volumes of pain medication.
In China they cut out organs from executed criminals. "The execution procedure prescribed by Chinese law (shooting in the back of the head), is sometimes violated in order to expedite harvesting of prisoners' organs. According to Chinese legal authorities, some executions are even deliberately mishandled to ensure that the prisoners are not yet dead when their organs are removed." http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/china1/china_948.htm
Are we prepared to allow American physicians to use their medical license to kill patients? How is that different from murder?
Contact: Vera Hassner Sharav
212-595-8974
Potential organ donor was wrongly declared brain-dead
The error raises concerns about the medical care of those who have promised their organs for transplants.
By Charles Ornstein and Tracy Weber
Times Staff Writers
April 12, 2007
A man whose family agreed to donate his organs for transplant upon his death was wrongly declared brain-dead by two doctors at a Fresno hospital, records and interviews show.
Only after the man's 26-year-old daughter and a nurse became suspicious was a third doctor, a neurosurgeon, brought in. He determined that John Foster, 47, was not brain-dead, a condition that would have cleared the way for his organs to be removed, records of the Feb. 21 incident show.
"It kind of blew my mind," said the daughter, Melanie Sanchez, "like they were waiting like vultures, waiting for someone to die so they could scoop them up."
Foster, who had suffered a brain hemorrhage, died 11 days later at Community Regional Medical Center in Fresno. By then, Sanchez said, his organs were not viable for donation.
The apparent close call is the second in recent months to raise questions about whether, amid a national organ shortage, doctors might be compromising the care of prospective donors. Law enforcement authorities in San Luis Obispo County are investigating whether a transplant surgeon tried to hasten the death of a 26-year-old patient last year by ordering high volumes of pain medication.
Contacted Wednesday, Community Medical Center's spokesman John Zelezny characterized Foster's case as "unusual" and said it "wouldn't surprise me" if the medical staff launched an internal review.
"This hasn't fully played out yet," he said. National experts said they believe that it is uncommon for a patient to be declared brain-dead incorrectly. But the ramifications are great, they said, both for the potential donors and for the integrity of the organ donation process.
"It is one of those things that is pretty spooky when it happens," said Dr. Michael A. Williams, chairman of the ethics committee of the American Academy of Neurology. "It's a rare, but high-stakes, error."
Said Dr. David J. Powner, a professor of neurosurgery and internal medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston: "It only takes one or two of those situations to really sour the public and sour those upon whom we depend so much for donation."
Brain death means that a person has suffered a total and irreversible loss of brain function. The patient is comatose, cannot breathe without support and lacks reflexes. It often is determined by a mixture of physical examination and clinical tests, and meets the legal standard for death.
There are no national criteria for declaring brain death, but California law requires that two physicians independently verify the condition and that those physicians not have any role in procuring the patient's organs. Organs cannot be retrieved until a patient is declared legally dead.
Foster, an auto mechanic, collapsed Feb. 18 and was diagnosed with an inoperable Pontine bleed, a catastrophic hemorrhage in his brain stem with almost no hope of recovery.
Hours later, hospital personnel alerted the California Transplant Donor Network — the organ procurement group for much of Central and Northern California — that he was a potential candidate for organ donation. Such notification is routine.
After Sanchez agreed to donate, she said, she got calls "at least twice a day" from the organ group, saying: "We have to get the body parts in a certain time. Your dad can be a life-saver to someone else. How is he doing today? Did he go up or down?"
In the afternoon of Feb. 21, it seemed the end had arrived for Foster. First, one doctor declared him brain-dead, according to confidential internal records kept by the organ group and reviewed by The Times.
Then, a couple hours later, a second doctor, an emergency physician, shined a light on his pupils and agreed. With two such declarations, Foster was legally dead under California law.
Sanchez said she was concerned because the second doctor seemed in a rush.
3rd opinion sought
After the exam, Sanchez recalled, "he just came in and threw the paper on my dad's legs and said, 'We got two signatures. We're pulling the plug,' He said, 'That's hospital policy.' "
She said she demanded a third opinion.
About the same time, a nursing supervisor asked the family to leave the room and did her own examination, the organ group's records show. Foster displayed a strong gag and cough reflex and slightly moved his head, all inconsistent with brain death. She shared her concerns with physicians.
The third doctor, neurosurgeon Mukesh Misra, determined that Foster was not brain-dead and supported Sanchez's decision not to remove her father from life support, records show.
Misra declined to comment on his colleagues' actions, but said, "I know what I did was right."
Dr. Robert Grazier, the second physician who declared Foster brain-dead, acknowledged that he performed a brief examination. "I examined the patient and I confirmed the first doctor's findings that were recorded. That was about it," Grazier said.
"My involvement in it was pretty minimal," he said.
The Fresno hospital's policy does not specify how long a physician must spend examining a patient nor what tests the doctor should order. It only says that the doctor must write his findings in the patient's chart.
Williams, the ethics expert, said he sets aside 30 to 45 minutes to perform a brain-death examination or confirmation exam. Told of notes in Foster's record, he said, "If the documentation is correct, they should never ever have considered the possibility of brain death for that patient…. It's not even close."
Phyllis Weber, executive director of the California Transplant Donor Network, said the donation would not have proceeded anyway because her organ procurement staff also had concerns about whether the patient was brain-dead.
"They do a careful examination, and if there's any questions, the process gets halted then until their questions are resolved," Weber said. "The public should be really grateful that that happens."
If her staff had concerns, however, they were not reflected in the confidential case notes kept by the donor network.
She said she was sorry to hear that Sanchez felt pressured. Other family members told The Times that they did not feel coerced, although the ultimate decision was Sanchez's.
"It's certainly not ever our position to pressure families to make this decision," Weber said. "We have people who are very trained, have a great deal of experience, and we give families a lot of time."
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